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<text id=93HT0271>
<title>
1940s: Voluntary Henry:War Bonds
</title>
<history>Time-The Weekly Magazine-1940s Highlights</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
TIME Magazine
May 25, 1942
Voluntary Henry
</hdr>
<body>
<p> A lonely, stubborn champion of "voluntary" war bond sales,
Henry Morgenthau last week saw ominous clouds of opposition
gathering. Marriner Eccles of the Federal Reserve, Harold Smith
of the Budget Bureau, Leon Henderson of OPA had gained up
against him, to champion forced savings.
</p>
<p> So Henry the Morgue pondered his own dozen schemes for
raising money the voluntary way and took stock of results to
date. In the twelve months to the end of April, the Federal debt
has increased $17 billion. That was a fair measure of Henry's
success in selling Treasury securities. Only $5,389,349,000 were
in war savings bonds.
</p>
<p> Stop That Surplus! War savings bonds were designed not only
to provide Treasury cash but to sop up the surplus income of
U.S. citizens, this checking inflation. This was the special
purpose of the Series "E" bonds (no more than $5,000 to a
customer), designed for small-income people. But only
$2,872,319,000 of Series "E" bonds were sold--about half the
year's total. Even after Pearl Harbor, nearly half of war bond
sales were in the other two series (up to $50,000 to a customer)
which appealed to rich men, trusts, corporations and non-
commercial banks. The little fellow, crux of the inflation
problem, was not being deflated.
</p>
<p> Moreover, although "voluntary" bond sales ran to big
totals, against these totals stood war expenditures fit to grey
the hair of any fiscal officer. Last July, for the first time,
monthly outgo crossed $1 billion. By January 1942, the $2
billion milepost whipped by. In April the figure was $32
billion; an incredible billion-a-week total is in sight. To
maintain a 50-50 ratio between borrowing and taxing to meet war
costs, Henry the Morgue faced the job of selling about $25
billion a year of Treasury securities.
</p>
<p> Notion Counter. His basic idea was to set up a notion
counter displaying securities for every purse and taste--transferable bonds for banks, temporarily non-transferable ones
for insurance companies, permanently non-transferable ones for
individuals; stamps for 10 cents, bonds for $10,000.
</p>
<p> The catch in the scheme was how to keep up a steady selling
rate of $2 billion a month. The great banks and insurance
companies, few in number, buy in huge blocks up to $100 million
at a time; then they sit back and wait for new funds to
accumulate. But if sales of war bonds are to be no more than
$600 million a month, they will soon have to average $1.4
billion a month.
</p>
<p> The alternatives, under the voluntary plan: 1) a great
increase in sales of war saving bonds; 2) heavy sales of
Treasury securities to banks and institutions--and inflation
be hanged.
</p>
<p> Here the word "voluntary" in Henry's plan began to lose
its pristine purity. On May 1, he launched a drive aimed at 10%
of everybody's income. Quotas, to be "revised and stepped up"
later, were established for all 3,070 U.S. counties; 200,000
members of local War Savings Bond Committees went to work.
Investment security dealers saw an opportunity to be patriotic
and to gain favor by ringing doorbells without getting paid for
it. The 150th anniversary of the New York Stock Exchange,
celebrated this week, took the form of a war bond rally.
</p>
<p> Compulsory Volunteering. The U.S. thought back to the
whoopla, the tormented emotions, the naked coercion of the
Liberty Loan drives of World War I, and it didn't like what it
remembered. Houses of non-buyers, then, were painted yellow by
vigilantes. Citizens were free to buy voluntarily--provided
they bought. Said Historians Charles and Mary Beard: "Whoever
refused to answer the call was liable to be blacklisted by his
neighbors or associates and enrolled in the Doom Book in the
Department of Justice."
</p>
<p> Henry Morgenthau was not for this kind of "voluntarism"--in a nation fighting for freedom, he still shied away from
candid compulsion. And he was as yet unwilling to admit that
truly voluntary sales will not suffice.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>